For citation: Kruglikova Olga S. (2016) Obsuzhdenie voprosa o rusifikatsii inoetnicheskikh okrain Rossiyskoy Imperii v moskovskoy konservativnoy pechati 1860-kh gg. [The controversy about the problem of Russification in the conservative press in Moscow in the 1860s]. Mediaskop 4. Available at: http://www.mediascope.ru/2209
© Olga S. Kruglikova
PhD in Philology, Associate Professor at the Chair of Journalism History, Saint Petersburg State University (St. Petersburg, Russia), olgakruglikova@yahoo.com
Abstract
The national question has always been acture in the multi-ethnic Russian state. The ethnic contradictions that had been accumulating in the course of history left their imprint on the mentality of the peoples inhabiting the empire. In today's political context of the post-Soviet space the traces of these contradictions continue to create points of political tension and sometimes military confrontation. Therefore, it seems extremely relevant to study the national policy of the Russian Empire, including the aspect of media perception and reflection of the issue of the other ethnic regions' Russification.
In this article this issue is analysed on the basis of publications of the most popular conservative Moscow editions of the 1860s. The purpose of the study, conducted by a comparative historical method, was the analysis of conservative publicists' (supporters of strong centralized statehood) comprehension of the main features of the national policy in post-reform Russia. Based on the study of texts of periodicals and literature relating to this period, the memoirs and correspondence of Moscow conservative publicists M.N. Katkov, I.S. Aksakov, Yu.F. Samarin and their contemporaries, as well as a wide range of studies on the history of post-reform Russia and Russian journalism, the author comes to the following conclusions.
The policy of the Empire regarding the national question was part of a complex set of foreign policy intrigues. The states that competed with Russia on the international political arena were willing to use the inciting ethnic hatred as an instrument of weakening the Russian empire. Therefore, the issue of preventing interethnic conflicts was considered by conservatives in close connection with the issue of preserving the political sovereignty of the Empire.
Russification was considered to be a possible instrument of conflict prevention, although there was no unity in defining this term, different publicists and statesmen proposed various, sometimes completely contradictory measures for the russification of foreign ethnic areas. The policy of the government on this issue was marked by fluctuations, which constantly fueled the discussion in the press on the issue of political and cultural interaction of foreign ethnicities with the imperial center.
Keywords: Russification, the national question in the Russian Empire, the uprising in Poland in 1863, the conservative Russian press.
Notes
Feoktistov E.M. (2001) Za kulisami politiki i literatury [Behind the Scenes of Politics and Literature ]. In: Za kulisami politiki [Behind the Scenes of Politics]. Moscow: Fond Sergeya Dubova Publ., p. 250.
Gigin V. Oklevetannyy, no ne zabytyy. (Ocherk o M.N. Murav'eve-Vilenskom) [Slandered, but Not Forgotten. (Essay about M.N. Muravyov-Vilenskiy]. Available at: http://zapadrus.su/zaprus/istbl/575-2012-02-22-21-57-02.html
Iz bumag grafa M. N. Murav'eva [From the Papers of Count M. N. Muravyov]. Russkiy arkhiv, 1887, no. 5, p. 307.
Katkov M.N. (2011) Sobranie sochineny: v 6 t. [Collection of Essays in 6 volumes]. St. Petersburg: Rostok Publ., vol. 2, p. 260.
Lyubimov N.M. (1889) Katkov i ego istoricheskaya zasluga [Katkov and His Historic Merit]. St. Petersburg: [n. p.], p. 260.
Polnoe Sobranie Zakonov Rossiyskoy Imperii : Sobranie tret'e: [C 1 marta 1881 goda po 1913 god]: [V 33-kh t.] [Complete Collection of Laws in Russian Empire: Collection 3: (March 1, 1881− 1913]. St. Petersburg; Petrograd: Gosudarstvennaya tipografiya Publ. 1885−1916, vol. 9, pp. 507−535.
Samarin Yu.F. (2008) Pravoslavie i narodnost'; sost. E.V. Zakharov [Orthodoxy and Ethnicity; ed. E. V. Zakharov]. Moscow: Institute of Russian civilization Publ., p. 336.
Statisticheskie tablitsy Rossiyskoy imperii. Vyp. 2: Nalichnoe naselenie imperii za 1858 god: (s kartoy naselennosti Evropeyskoy Rossii) [Statistical Tables of the Russian Empire. Issue 2: Current Population of the Empire in 1858: (with the map of population in European part of Russia)]. St. Petersburg: [n. p.], 1863, p. 296.
Stalyunas D. Etnopoliticheskaya situatsiya Severo-Zapadnogo kraya v otsenke M.N. Murav'eva (1863−1865) [Ethnopolitical Situation of North-West Region Evaluated by M. N. Muravyov (1863−1865)]. Available at: http://www.russianresources.lt/archive/Mater/staliunas.html
Tyutchev F.I. (2007) Rossiya i Zapad; sost. B.N. Tarasov [Russia and West; ed. by B.N. Tarasov]. Moscow: Kul'turnaya revolyutsiya Publ.; Respublika Publ., p. 168.
References
Ayrapetov O.R. (2013) Tsarstvo Pol'skoe v politike Imperii v 1863−1864 gg.[Polish Kingdom in the Policy of the Empire in 1863−1864]. Moscow: Modest Kolerov M Publ.
Dyakin V.S. (1998) Natsional'nyy vopros vo vnutrenney politike tsarizma (XIX − nachale KhKh vv.) [National Issue in the National Policy of Tsarizm (XIX − beginning of XX)]. St. Petersburg: «LISS» Publ.
Ekshtut S.A. (2012) Povsednevnaya zhizn' russkoy intelligentsii ot epokhi velikikh reform do Serebryanogo veka [Everyday Life of Russian Intellectuals in the Era of Great Reforms of the Silver Age]. Moscow: Molodaya gvardiya Publ.
Fetisenko O.L. (2012) «Geptastilisty»: Konstantin Leont'ev, ego sobesedniki i ucheniki (Idei russkogo konservatizma v literaturno-khudozhestvennykh i publitsisticheskikh praktikakh vtoroy poloviny XIX − pervoy chetverti KhKh veka) ["Hepta-Stylists": Konstantin Leontyev, His Interlocutors (Ideas of Russian Conservatism in Literary and Art Journalism Practices in the second part of XIX − first quarter of XX century]. St. Petersburg: Pushkinskiy dom Publ.
Kovkel' I.I., Yarmusik E.S. (2004) Istoriya Belarusi: S drevneyshikh vremen do nashego vremeni [History of Balerus: from the Ancient to Contemporary Times]. Minsk: Aversev Publ. Available at: http://kdkv.narod.ru/1864/Hist-Polit_Repr.htm
Kruglikova O.S. (2011) Publitsistika i obshchestvennaya deyatel'nost' M.N. Katkova. Publitsist i vlast' [Political Journalism and Social Activity of M. N. Katkov]. Saarbrücken: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing.
Nevedenskiy S. (1888) Katkov i ego vremya [Katkov and His Time]. St. Petersburg: Tipografiya A.S. Suvorina Publ.
Shirokorad A.B. (2003) Rossiya − Angliya: neizvestnaya voyna, 1857–1907[Russia-England: Unknown War, 1857−1907]. Moscow: ACT Publ.
Tvardovskaya V.A. (1978) Ideologiya poreformennogo samoderzhaviya [Ideology of the Post-Reform Autocracy]. Moscow: Nauka Publ.